feat: Add `SqlStorageClient` based on `sqlalchemy` v2+ #1339

Mantisus · 2025-08-01T21:21:45Z

Description

Add SQLStorageClient which can accept a database connection string or a pre-configured AsyncEngine, or creates a default crawlee.db database in Configuration.storage_dir.

Issues

Closes: Add support for SQLite storage client #307

Copilot

Pull Request Overview

This PR implements a new SQL-based storage client (SQLStorageClient) that provides persistent data storage using SQLAlchemy v2+ for datasets, key-value stores, and request queues.

Key changes:

Adds SQLStorageClient with support for connection strings, pre-configured engines, or default SQLite database
Implements SQL-based clients for all three storage types with database schema management and transaction handling
Updates storage model configurations to support SQLAlchemy ORM mapping with from_attributes=True

Reviewed Changes

Copilot reviewed 16 out of 18 changed files in this pull request and generated 1 comment.

Show a summary per file

File	Description
`src/crawlee/storage_clients/_sql/`	New SQL storage implementation with database models, clients, and schema management
`tests/unit/storage_clients/_sql/`	Comprehensive test suite for SQL storage functionality
`tests/unit/storages/`	Updates to test fixtures to include SQL storage client testing
`src/crawlee/storage_clients/models.py`	Adds `from_attributes=True` to model configs for SQLAlchemy ORM compatibility
`pyproject.toml`	Adds new `sql` optional dependency group
`src/crawlee/storage_clients/__init__.py`	Adds conditional import for SQLStorageClient

Comments suppressed due to low confidence (1)

tests/unit/storages/test_request_queue.py:23

The test fixture only tests 'sql' storage client, but the removed 'memory' and 'file_system' parameters suggest this may have unintentionally reduced test coverage. Consider including all storage client types to ensure comprehensive testing.

@pytest.fixture(params=['sql'])

src/crawlee/storage_clients/_sql/_request_queue_client.py

Co-authored-by: Copilot <175728472+Copilot@users.noreply.github.com>

Mantisus · 2025-08-01T22:11:03Z

When implementing, I opted out of SQLModel for several reasons:

Poor library support. As of today, SQLModel has a huge number of PRs and update requests, some of which are several years old. The latest releases have been mostly cosmetic (updating dependencies, documentation, builds, and checks, etc.).
Model hierarchy issue: if we use SQLModel, it's expected that we'll inherit existing Pydantic models from it. This greatly increases base dependencies (SQLModel, SQLAlchemy, aiosqlite). I don't think we should do this (see the last point).
It doesn't support optimization constraints for database tables, such as string length limits.
Poor typing when using anything other than select - Add an overload to the exec method with _Executable statement for update and delete statements fastapi/sqlmodel#909.
Overall, we can achieve the same behavior using only SQLAlchemy v2+ — https://docs.sqlalchemy.org/en/20/orm/dataclasses.html#integrating-with-alternate-dataclass-providers-such-as-pydantic. However, this retains the inheritance hierarchy and dependency issue.
I think that data models for SQL can be simpler while being better adapted for SQL than the models used in the framework. This way, we can optimize each data model for its task.

Mantisus · 2025-08-01T22:16:12Z

The storage client has been repeatedly tested with SQLLite and a local PostgreSQL (a simple container installation without fine-tuning).
Сode for testing

import asyncio

from crawlee.crawlers import BasicCrawler, BasicCrawlingContext
from crawlee.storage_clients import SQLStorageClient
from crawlee.storages import RequestQueue, KeyValueStore
from crawlee import service_locator
from crawlee import ConcurrencySettings


LOCAL_POSTGRE = None  # 'postgresql+asyncpg://myuser:mypassword@localhost:5432/postgres'
USE_STATE = True
KVS = True
DATASET = True
CRAWLERS = 1
REQUESTS = 10000
DROP_STORAGES = True


async def main() -> None:
    service_locator.set_storage_client(
        SQLStorageClient(
            connection_string=LOCAL_POSTGRE if LOCAL_POSTGRE else None,
        )
    )

    kvs = await KeyValueStore.open()
    queue_1 = await RequestQueue.open(name='test_queue_1')
    queue_2 = await RequestQueue.open(name='test_queue_2')
    queue_3 = await RequestQueue.open(name='test_queue_3')

    urls = [f'https://crawlee.dev/page/{i}' for i in range(REQUESTS)]

    await queue_1.add_requests(urls)
    await queue_2.add_requests(urls)
    await queue_3.add_requests(urls)

    crawler_1 = BasicCrawler(concurrency_settings=ConcurrencySettings(desired_concurrency=50), request_manager=queue_1)
    crawler_2 = BasicCrawler(concurrency_settings=ConcurrencySettings(desired_concurrency=50), request_manager=queue_2)
    crawler_3 = BasicCrawler(concurrency_settings=ConcurrencySettings(desired_concurrency=50), request_manager=queue_3)

    # Define the default request handler
    @crawler_1.router.default_handler
    @crawler_2.router.default_handler
    @crawler_3.router.default_handler
    async def request_handler(context: BasicCrawlingContext) -> None:
        if USE_STATE:
            # Use state to store data
            state_data = await context.use_state()
            state_data['a'] = context.request.url

        if KVS:
            # Use KeyValueStore to store data
            await kvs.set_value(context.request.url, {'url': context.request.url, 'title': 'Example Title'})
        if DATASET:
            await context.push_data({'url': context.request.url, 'title': 'Example Title'})

    crawlers = [crawler_1]
    if CRAWLERS > 1:
        crawlers.append(crawler_2)
    if CRAWLERS > 2:
        crawlers.append(crawler_3)

    # Run the crawler
    data = await asyncio.gather(*[crawler.run() for crawler in crawlers])

    print(data)

    if DROP_STORAGES:
        # Drop all storages
        await queue_1.drop()
        await queue_2.drop()
        await queue_3.drop()
        await kvs.drop()


if __name__ == '__main__':
    asyncio.run(main())

This allows you to load work with storage without real requests.

Mantisus · 2025-08-01T22:20:41Z

The use of accessed_modified_update_interval is related to optimization. Frequent updates to metadata just to change the access time can overload the database.

Pijukatel

First part review. I will do RQ and tests in second part.

I have only minor comments. My main suggestion is to extract more code that is shared in all 3 clients. It is easier to understand all the clients once the reader easily knows which part of the code is exactly the same in all clients and which part of the code is unique and specific to the client. It also makes it easier to maintain the code.

Drawback would be that understanding just one class in the isolation would be little bit harder. But who wants to understand just one client?

src/crawlee/storage_clients/_sql/_dataset_client.py

src/crawlee/storage_clients/_sql/_storage_client.py

src/crawlee/storage_clients/_sql/_dataset_client.py

src/crawlee/storage_clients/_sql/_db_models.py

src/crawlee/storage_clients/_sql/_dataset_client.py

Pijukatel · 2025-08-13T13:50:29Z

It would also be good to mention it in docs and maybe show an example use.

Pijukatel

I will continue with the review later. There are many ways how to approach the RQclient implementation. I guess I have some different expectations in my mind (I am not saying those are correct :D ). Maybe we should define the expectations first, so that I do the review correctly based on that.

My initial expectations for the RQclient:

Can be used on the APify platform and outside as well
Supports any persistance
Supports parallel consumers/producers (Use case being - speeding up crawlers on Apify platform with multiprocessing to fully utilize resources available -> for example Parsel based actor could have multiple ParselCrawlers under the hood and all of them working on the same RQ, but reducing the costs by avoiding ApifyRQClient)

Most typical use case:

Crawlee outside of Apify platform
Crawlee on Apify platform, but avoiding expensive ApifyRQClient

src/crawlee/storage_clients/_sql/_request_queue_client.py

docs/guides/storage_clients.mdx

src/crawlee/storage_clients/_sql/_dataset_client.py

src/crawlee/storage_clients/_sql/_request_queue_client.py

vdusek

Have you done any performance comparisons with the memory and file-system storage clients? If not, could you please run some? For example, you could run the Parsel crawler on crawlee.dev, enqueue all links, and store the URL + title to the dataset.

Mantisus · 2025-09-01T15:27:04Z

Have you done any performance comparisons with the memory and file-system storage clients? If not, could you please run some? For example, you could run the Parsel crawler on crawlee.dev, enqueue all links, and store the URL + title to the dataset.

Great idea. I'll try to do that once we resolve these two issues.

#1382
#1383

Mantisus · 2025-09-03T23:15:32Z

Have you done any performance comparisons with the memory and file-system storage clients? If not, could you please run some? For example, you could run the Parsel crawler on crawlee.dev, enqueue all links, and store the URL + title to the dataset.

MemoryStorageClient:

┌───────────────────────────────┬────────────┐
│ requests_finished             │ 2363       │
│ requests_failed               │ 0          │
│ retry_histogram               │ [2363]     │
│ request_avg_failed_duration   │ None       │
│ request_avg_finished_duration │ 224.7ms    │
│ requests_finished_per_minute  │ 4484       │
│ requests_failed_per_minute    │ 0          │
│ request_total_duration        │ 8min 51.0s │
│ requests_total                │ 2363       │
│ crawler_runtime               │ 31.62s     │
└───────────────────────────────┴────────────┘

FileSystemStorageClient:

┌───────────────────────────────┬─────────────┐
│ requests_finished             │ 2363        │
│ requests_failed               │ 0           │
│ retry_histogram               │ [2363]      │
│ request_avg_failed_duration   │ None        │
│ request_avg_finished_duration │ 379.8ms     │
│ requests_finished_per_minute  │ 2489        │
│ requests_failed_per_minute    │ 0           │
│ request_total_duration        │ 14min 57.4s │
│ requests_total                │ 2363        │
│ crawler_runtime               │ 56.96s      │
└───────────────────────────────┴─────────────┘

SqlStorageClient:

import asyncio

from crawlee import ConcurrencySettings
from crawlee.crawlers import ParselCrawler, ParselCrawlingContext
from crawlee.http_clients import HttpxHttpClient
from crawlee.storage_clients import SqlStorageClient

CONNECTION = None


async def main() -> None:
    async with SqlStorageClient(connection_string=CONNECTION) as storage_client:
        http_client = HttpxHttpClient()

        crawler = ParselCrawler(
            storage_client=storage_client,
            http_client=http_client,
            concurrency_settings=ConcurrencySettings(desired_concurrency=20),
        )

        @crawler.router.default_handler
        async def request_handler(context: ParselCrawlingContext) -> None:
            context.log.info(f'Processing URL: {context.request.url}...')
            data = {
                'url': context.request.url,
                'title': context.selector.css('title::text').get(),
            }
            await context.push_data(data)
            await context.enqueue_links()

        await crawler.run(['https://crawlee.dev'])


if __name__ == '__main__':
    asyncio.run(main())

SQLite

┌───────────────────────────────┬─────────────┐
│ requests_finished             │ 2363        │
│ requests_failed               │ 0           │
│ retry_histogram               │ [2363]      │
│ request_avg_failed_duration   │ None        │
│ request_avg_finished_duration │ 727.0ms     │
│ requests_finished_per_minute  │ 1460        │
│ requests_failed_per_minute    │ 0           │
│ request_total_duration        │ 28min 37.9s │
│ requests_total                │ 2363        │
│ crawler_runtime               │ 1min 37.1s  │
└───────────────────────────────┴─────────────┘

PostgreSQL (standard installation in Docker, without database settings optimization)

┌───────────────────────────────┬─────────────┐
│ requests_finished             │ 2363        │
│ requests_failed               │ 0           │
│ retry_histogram               │ [2363]      │
│ request_avg_failed_duration   │ None        │
│ request_avg_finished_duration │ 503.8ms     │
│ requests_finished_per_minute  │ 2144        │
│ requests_failed_per_minute    │ 0           │
│ request_total_duration        │ 19min 50.5s │
│ requests_total                │ 2363        │
│ crawler_runtime               │ 1min 6.1s   │
└───────────────────────────────┴─────────────┘

SqlStorageClient (3 processes)

import asyncio
from concurrent.futures import ProcessPoolExecutor

from crawlee import ConcurrencySettings, service_locator
from crawlee.crawlers import ParselCrawler, ParselCrawlingContext
from crawlee.http_clients import HttpxHttpClient
from crawlee.storage_clients import SqlStorageClient
from crawlee.storages import RequestQueue

CONNECTION = None

async def run(queue_name: str) -> None:
    async with SqlStorageClient(connection_string=CONNECTION) as storage_client:
        service_locator.set_storage_client(storage_client)
        queue = await RequestQueue.open(name=queue_name)

        http_client = HttpxHttpClient()

        crawler = ParselCrawler(
            http_client=http_client,
            request_manager=queue,
            concurrency_settings=ConcurrencySettings(desired_concurrency=20),
        )

        @crawler.router.default_handler
        async def request_handler(context: ParselCrawlingContext) -> None:
            context.log.info(f'Processing URL: {context.request.url}...')
            data = {
                'url': context.request.url,
                'title': context.selector.css('title::text').get(),
            }
            await context.push_data(data)
            await context.enqueue_links()

        await crawler.run(['https://crawlee.dev'])

def process_run(queue_name: str) -> None:
    asyncio.run(run(queue_name))

def multi_run(queue_name: str = 'multi') -> None:
    workers = 3
    with ProcessPoolExecutor(max_workers=workers) as executor:
        executor.map(process_run, [queue_name for i in range(workers)])

if __name__ == '__main__':
    multi_run()

SQLite

[ParselCrawler] INFO  Final request statistics:
┌───────────────────────────────┬────────────┐
│ requests_finished             │ 811        │
│ requests_failed               │ 0          │
│ retry_histogram               │ [811]      │
│ request_avg_failed_duration   │ None       │
│ request_avg_finished_duration │ 964.6ms    │
│ requests_finished_per_minute  │ 669        │
│ requests_failed_per_minute    │ 0          │
│ request_total_duration        │ 13min 2.2s │
│ requests_total                │ 811        │
│ crawler_runtime               │ 1min 12.8s │
└───────────────────────────────┴────────────┘
[ParselCrawler] INFO  Final request statistics:
┌───────────────────────────────┬─────────────┐
│ requests_finished             │ 735         │
│ requests_failed               │ 0           │
│ retry_histogram               │ [735]       │
│ request_avg_failed_duration   │ None        │
│ request_avg_finished_duration │ 930.9ms     │
│ requests_finished_per_minute  │ 606         │
│ requests_failed_per_minute    │ 0           │
│ request_total_duration        │ 11min 24.2s │
│ requests_total                │ 735         │
│ crawler_runtime               │ 1min 12.8s  │
└───────────────────────────────┴─────────────┘
[ParselCrawler] INFO  Final request statistics:
┌───────────────────────────────┬─────────────┐
│ requests_finished             │ 817         │
│ requests_failed               │ 0           │
│ retry_histogram               │ [817]       │
│ request_avg_failed_duration   │ None        │
│ request_avg_finished_duration │ 992.7ms     │
│ requests_finished_per_minute  │ 669         │
│ requests_failed_per_minute    │ 0           │
│ request_total_duration        │ 13min 31.0s │
│ requests_total                │ 817         │
│ crawler_runtime               │ 1min 13.3s  │
└───────────────────────────────┴─────────────┘

PostgreSQL (standard installation in Docker, without database settings optimization)

[ParselCrawler] INFO  Final request statistics:
┌───────────────────────────────┬────────────┐
│ requests_finished             │ 787        │
│ requests_failed               │ 0          │
│ retry_histogram               │ [787]      │
│ request_avg_failed_duration   │ None       │
│ request_avg_finished_duration │ 609.6ms    │
│ requests_finished_per_minute  │ 1527       │
│ requests_failed_per_minute    │ 0          │
│ request_total_duration        │ 7min 59.7s │
│ requests_total                │ 787        │
│ crawler_runtime               │ 30.92s     │
└───────────────────────────────┴────────────┘
[ParselCrawler] INFO  Final request statistics:
┌───────────────────────────────┬───────────┐
│ requests_finished             │ 783       │
│ requests_failed               │ 0         │
│ retry_histogram               │ [783]     │
│ request_avg_failed_duration   │ None      │
│ request_avg_finished_duration │ 625.0ms   │
│ requests_finished_per_minute  │ 1494      │
│ requests_failed_per_minute    │ 0         │
│ request_total_duration        │ 8min 9.4s │
│ requests_total                │ 783       │
│ crawler_runtime               │ 31.45s    │
└───────────────────────────────┴───────────┘
[ParselCrawler] INFO  Final request statistics:
┌───────────────────────────────┬────────────┐
│ requests_finished             │ 793        │
│ requests_failed               │ 0          │
│ retry_histogram               │ [793]      │
│ request_avg_failed_duration   │ None       │
│ request_avg_finished_duration │ 604.0ms    │
│ requests_finished_per_minute  │ 1512       │
│ requests_failed_per_minute    │ 0          │
│ request_total_duration        │ 7min 58.9s │
│ requests_total                │ 793        │
│ crawler_runtime               │ 31.47s     │
└───────────────────────────────┴────────────┘

vdusek

Nice, LGTM! Keep in mind that this will need to be slightly adjusted once #1175 is merged.

janbuchar · 2025-09-11T09:49:50Z

@Mantisus I still see a bunch of unresolved comments, mainly from @vdusek - can you take care of those please?

Mantisus · 2025-09-11T12:06:51Z

@Mantisus I still see a bunch of unresolved comments, mainly from @vdusek - can you take care of those please?

I apologize, I missed that.

I marked them as resolved, since everything has already been implemented.

docs/guides/storage_clients.mdx

src/crawlee/storage_clients/_sql/_client_mixin.py

src/crawlee/storage_clients/_sql/_storage_client.py

janbuchar · 2025-09-11T11:55:38Z

src/crawlee/storage_clients/_sql/_request_queue_client.py

+        return values_to_set
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _get_int_id_from_unique_key(unique_key: str) -> int:


Can't we just use the lru_cache decorator from functools instead of managing the cache manually? Also, do we really need to manage integer IDs? Maybe we could just make the unique_key a primary key. I can imagine that some DBMS could have a problem with that though...

Maybe we could just make the unique_key a primary key. I can imagine that some DBMS could have a problem with that though...

For POST requests, it can be really large. I would prefer to avoid that. 🙂

Great idea with the lru_cache decorator, thanks for reminding me about it.

tests/unit/conftest.py

janbuchar · 2025-09-11T12:14:21Z

src/crawlee/storage_clients/_sql/_request_queue_client.py

+            for request_id, request in sorted(unique_requests.items()):
+                existing_req_db = existing_requests.get(request_id)
+                # New Request, add it
+                if existing_req_db is None:


This is not a 100% guarantee though - the request could appear in the DB between the two SQL queries. Or an existing request might get handled.

Maybe we can deal with that later, but it should be clearly stated in the PR description, preferably with follow up issues.

Yes, that's why we use _build_upsert_stmt for forefront and _build_insert_stmt_with_ignore for regular.

If it's regular, then in case of a conflict, the duplicate is simply discarded.

If it's forefront, then we only update the sequence_number field by shifting it to the left.

src/crawlee/storage_clients/_sql/_db_models.py

Mantisus added 13 commits July 29, 2025 17:07

base implementation sql client

a3c5fa0

resolve

3142bdd

add dataset tests

b056505

add kvs tests

ae3bc3d

add rq tests

49f2643

fix docs in tests

35a27fc

wrap SQLStorageClient in _try_import

52e1ad2

update db models

df41c45

dataset optimization

342c65a

kvs optimization

61a2666

optimization

7055f7d

reduce the refresh rate of accessed_at

1884f7d

up docs

a10e3cf

Mantisus requested review from janbuchar, vdusek and Pijukatel August 1, 2025 21:22

Mantisus self-assigned this Aug 1, 2025

Mantisus added this to the 1.0 milestone Aug 1, 2025

Mantisus requested a review from Copilot August 1, 2025 21:23

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Mantisus and others added 2 commits August 2, 2025 00:25

Update src/crawlee/storage_clients/_sql/_request_queue_client.py

f7ebbe5

Co-authored-by: Copilot <175728472+Copilot@users.noreply.github.com>

fix tests

83ca6d3

Merge master

1e3474c

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up code block

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Mantisus requested a review from vdusek August 30, 2025 12:35

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docs/guides/storage_clients.mdx Show resolved Hide resolved

Merge branch 'master' into sql-client

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src/crawlee/storage_clients/_sql/_dataset_client.py Outdated Show resolved Hide resolved

Mantisus added 3 commits September 1, 2025 11:46

up docs

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drop cast

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fix docs

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clean docstrings

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Mantisus added 2 commits September 3, 2025 21:45

extra optimization

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Merge branch 'master' into sql-client

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handle create tables rom several parallel processes

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nicklamonov requested a review from janbuchar September 8, 2025 09:28

add collumn client_key

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vdusek mentioned this pull request Sep 9, 2025

feat: Add support for NDU storages #1401

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few updates

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Mantisus requested a review from janbuchar September 11, 2025 23:30

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Merge branch 'master' into sql-client

e740f21

add support for NDU storages

6e66337

feat: Add SqlStorageClient based on sqlalchemy v2+ #1339

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feat: Add `SqlStorageClient` based on `sqlalchemy` v2+ #1339

feat: Add `SqlStorageClient` based on `sqlalchemy` v2+ #1339

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Mantisus commented Sep 11, 2025 •

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Mantisus Sep 11, 2025 •

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